Medication people with type 2 diabetes use to manage their blood sugar also appear to protect their hearts and kidneys, according to a new study in JAMA Network Open.
These pills, known as sodium-glucose cotransport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, reduce the amount of blood sugar in a kidney by causing more glucose to be excreted in urine.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) cannot be cured and often leads to renal failure. SGLT2 inhibitor drugs can help stave off this possibility. Acute kidney disease (AKD), on the other hand, is potentially reversible. It typically occurs after an acute kidney injury, lasts for up to 90 days, and can progress to CKD if left unchecked.
"T here has been a notable absence of targeted pharmacotherapy to offer protection to these patients," said Vin-Cent Wu, MD, PhD, a nephrologist at National Taiwan University Hospital in Taipei, and an author of the study.
For the retrospective analysis, Wu and his colleagues looked at data from more than 230,000 adults with type 2 diabetes whose health records were gathered into a research tool called the TriNetX, a global research database. Patients had been treated for AKD between 2002 and 2022. Major adverse kidney events were noted for 5 years after discharge, which were defined as events which required regular dialysis, major adverse cardiovascular events such as a heart attack or stroke, or death.
To determine the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, Wu and colleagues compared outcomes among 5317 patients with AKD who received the drugs with 5317 similar patients who did not. Members of both groups had lived for at least 90 days after being discharged from the hospital and did not require dialysis during that period.
After a median follow-up of 2.3 years, more patients who did not receive an SGLT2 inhibitor had died (994 compared with 481) or had endured major stress to their kidneys (1119 compared with 504) or heart (612 compared with 295). The relative reduction in mortality risk for people in the SGLT2-inhibitor arm was 31% (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62-0.77).
Only 2.3% of patients with AKD in the study were prescribed an SGLT2 inhibitor.
In the United States, approximately 20% of people with type 2 diabetes and CKD receive a SGLT2 inhibitor, according to 2023 research.
"Our study reveals that the prescription rate of SGLT2 inhibitors remains relatively low in clinical practice among patients with type 2 diabetes and AKD," Wu told Medscape Medical News. "This underscores the need for increased awareness and greater consideration of this critical issue in clinical decision-making."
Wu said that AKD management tends to be conservative and relies on symptom monitoring. He acknowledged that confounders may have influenced the results, and that the use of SGLT2 inhibitors might only be correlated with better results instead of producing a causation effect.
This point was raised by Ayodele Odutayo, MD, DPhil, a nephrologist at the University of Toronto, who was not involved in the study. But despite that caution, Odutayo said that he found the study to be encouraging overall and broadly in line with known benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD.
"The findings are reassuring that the medications work even in people who've already had some kidney injury beforehand," but who are not yet diagnosed with CKD, Odutayo said.
"There is vast underuse of these medications in people for whom they are indicated," perhaps due to clinician concern that the drugs will cause side effects such as low blood pressure or loss of salt and fluid, Odutayo said. Though those concerns are valid, the benefits of these drugs exceed the risks for most patients with CKD.
Wu and Odutayo report no relevant financial relationships.
Marcus A. Banks, MA, is a journalist based in New York City who covers health news with a focus on new cancer research. His work appears in Medscape, Cancer Today, The Scientist, Gastroenterology & Endoscopy News, Slate, TCTMD, and Spectrum.