TORONTO — With rates of childhood obesity increasing to the point of becoming a public health concern, related skin conditions are also on the rise in the pediatric population, results of new research show.
The retrospective cohort study found markedly higher rates of skin infections, atopic dermatitis (AD), and acanthosis nigricans among children with overweight compared with children with average weight.
"Many conditions associated with obesity are strong predictors of cardiovascular mortality as these children age, so doctors can play a key role in advocating for weight loss strategies in this population," lead study author Samantha Epstein, third-year medical student at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio told Medscape Medical News.
The findings (Poster #147) were presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Pediatric Dermatology.
Previous research has linked obesity, a chronic inflammatory condition, to psoriasis, AD, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne vulgaris, infections, and rosacea in adults. However, there's scant research exploring the connection between obesity and cutaneous conditions in children.
According to the Cleveland Clinic, childhood obesity is defined as a body mass index, which is weight in kg divided by the square of height in m2, at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex in children aged 2 years or older.
For the study, Epstein and co-author Sonal D. Shah, MD, associate professor, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, and a board-certified pediatric dermatologist, accessed a large national research database and used diagnostic codes to identify over 1 million children (mean age, 8.5 years). Most (about 44%) were White; about one quarter were Black. The groups were propensity matched, so there were about equal numbers of youngsters with and without obesity and of boys and girls.
They collected data on AD, hidradenitis suppurativa (a painful skin condition that causes abscesses and scarring), rosacea, psoriasis, and acanthosis nigricans (a thickened purplish discoloration typically found in body folds around the armpits, groin, and neck). They also gathered information on comorbidities.
Acanthosis nigricans, which is linked to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance , was more prevalent among children with obesity (20,885 cases in the with-obesity group and 336 in the without-obesity group, for a relative risk [RR] of 62.16 and an odds ratio [OR] of 64.38).
Skin and subcutaneous tissue infections were also more common among those with obesity (14,795 cases) vs 4720 cases among those without obesity (RR, 3.14; OR, 3.2). As for AD, there were 11,892 cases in the with-obesity group and 2983 in the without-obesity group (RR, 3.99; OR, 4.06). There were 1166 cases of psoriasis among those with obesity and 408 among those without obesity (RR, 2.86; OR, 2.88).
Hidradenitis suppurative (587 cases in the with-obesity group and 70 in the without-obesity group; RR, 8.39; OR, 8.39) and rosacea (351 in the with-obesity group and 138 in the without-obesity group; RR, 2.54; OR, 2.55) were the least common skin conditions.
Higher Comorbidity Rates
Compared with their average-weight counterparts, the children with obesity had higher rates of comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes. Epstein noted that children with diabetes and obesity had increased risks for every skin condition except for infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue when compared with children without obesity.
Such infections were the most common skin conditions among children without obesity. "This was expected just due to the fact that children are outside, they're playing in the grass and the dirt, and they get infected," said Epstein. Still, these infections were three times more common in youngsters with obesity.
Although acanthosis nigricans is "highly correlated" with type 2 diabetes, "not as many children as we would expect in this population have developed type 2 diabetes," said Epstein. This might make some sense, though, because these children are still quite young, she added. "When dermatologists recognize this skin condition, they can advocate for weight loss management to try to prevent it."
Other conditions seen more often in the overweight children with overweight included: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovarian syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, depressive episodes, and anxiety (all P < .001).
Commenting on the results, Sonia Havele, MD, a pediatrician and dermatology resident at Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, told Medscape Medical News that the study reflects trends that she and her colleagues see in clinic: There are more common skin conditions in their patients with obesity.
She agreed that it offers an opening for education. "The results of this study highlight the opportunity we have as pediatric dermatologists to provide additional counselling on obesity and offer referrals to our colleagues in endocrinology, gastroenterology, and nutrition if needed."
No conflicts of interest were reported.
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